Vector Array™ Silicon Probes

Overview

The Vector Array™ represents NeuroNexus' flagship platform for deep brain electrophysiology, specifically engineered for accessing subcortical structures in large animal models. Building upon decades of silicon probe expertise, Vector Arrays combine high-density recording capabilities with exceptional mechanical durability through a hybrid silicon-plus-metal construction.

Generation 2 (Gen2) introduces three breakthrough innovations:

• Reinforced Design: Structural reinforcement options (150–200 µm thickness) for enhanced probe longevity
• Fusion Double-Sided Recording: Twice the active sites in nearly the same footprint (2× spatial sampling density)
• Expanded Channel Count: Up to 128 simultaneous recording/stimulation channels

These upgrades position Vector Gen2 as the premier choice for demanding deep brain applications requiring maximum channel count, recording density, and probe durability.

Key Advantages

Vector Arrays deliver exceptional value for deep brain research:

1. Exceptional Cost Efficiency: 50+ experiments per probe with proper care — dramatically lower cost-per-experiment than single-use alternatives through proven reusability and hybrid silicon + stainless-steel durability

2. Proven Reliability: 200+ peer-reviewed publications (median impact factor 8.5) spanning Nature, Science, Neuron, and Nature Neuroscience. Validated in 200+ research labs worldwide over 30+ years of NeuroNexus expertise

3. Zero Retraining Required: Compatible with standard DAQ systems (Intan, Open Ephys, Plexon, TDT) and existing surgical protocols. Standard connectors (ZIF-Clip, Omnetics) integrate directly with current headstages and recording workflows — no specialized equipment or software required

4. Deep Target Access: Implantable lengths up to 110 mm enable reliable access to subcortical structures in NHP and large animal models. Rigid stainless-steel support body maintains mechanical strength for precise stereotaxic targeting at depth

5. Maximum Data Yield: Gen2's 128-channel Fusion configuration delivers 2× site density without increased tissue displacement. Enhanced spatial sampling for laminar profiling and population dynamics

6. Design Flexibility: 300+ custom probe designs delivered. Laminar, polytrode, and fully custom electrode geometries tailored to unique anatomical targets and experimental requirements. Acute, chronic, and optogenetics-compatible configurations available

Design Philosophy

The Vector Series prioritizes:

• Deep Target Access: Implant lengths up to 110 mm for large animal subcortical structures
• Mechanical Rigidity: Stainless-steel support body prevents bending during deep insertion
• High Channel Density: 16–128 channels with proven NeuroNexus electrode geometries
• Reusability: 50+ experimental uses with proper care and cleaning protocols
• Versatility: Acute, chronic, and optogenetics-compatible configurations

Research Applications

Vector Arrays excel in advanced deep brain research:

Subcortical Circuit Mapping: Record from basal ganglia, thalamus, and brainstem structures in NHP and large animals. 110 mm reach with rigid stainless-steel support ensures precise targeting at depth. Ideal for motor systems research, cognitive neuroscience, and disease model studies (Parkinson's, dystonia, epilepsy)

Optogenetic Circuit Manipulation: Opto Vector variant integrates optical fiber with electrode array for combined stimulation and recording. Validated in motor cortex, prefrontal cortex, and striatum applications. Supports flat fibers from 50–400 µm diameter with multiple numerical aperture options (0.22–0.66 NA)

Chronic Freely-Moving Studies: Chronic Vector configurations enable long-term recording from deep structures in behaving primates. Compatible with pDrive and other microdrives for post-implant depth adjustment. Signal stability across weeks to months

High-Density Laminar Profiling: Fusion double-sided variant delivers 128 channels in compact footprint for enhanced spatial sampling density. Ideal for laminar current source density (CSD) analysis, layer-specific population dynamics, and multi-structure simultaneous recordings

System Compatibility & Integration

Vector Arrays integrate seamlessly into existing electrophysiology workflows with zero retraining:

Standard Connectors: ZIF-Clip and Omnetics packages connect directly to existing headstages and recording systems — no custom adapters required

DAQ Platform Compatibility: Verified with Intan RHD2000, Open Ephys, Plexon OmniPlex, TDT RZ5, Ripple Grapevine, and other major systems. Standard analysis pipelines (no specialized software)

Surgical Protocol Integration: Compatible with standard stereotaxic techniques and insertion protocols. Rigid support body enables precise depth control and stable targeting

Expert Support Resources: 50+ application notes covering surgical techniques, signal optimization, troubleshooting. Comprehensive documentation, direct technical consultation, and custom design services available

Key Specifications

Geometric Parameters (Gen2)

• Shank Configuration: Single linear shank with rigid metal support body
• Total Probe Length: 70 mm or 110 mm
• Silicon Electrode Length: 10 mm (active recording region)
• Silicon Electrode Width: 20–175 µm (design dependent: Edge, Poly2, etc.)
• Silicon Electrode Thickness:
  • 50 µm (standard, Gen1 compatibility)
  • 100 µm (Fusion double-sided substrate)
  • 150–200 µm (reinforced for maximum durability)
• Support Body Diameter:
  • 315 µm OD (16-channel)
  • 400 µm OD (32/64-channel)
  • 635 µm OD (128-channel)
• Support Body Material: Stainless steel (rigid, biocompatible)

Electrical Characteristics

• Recording Sites: 16, 32, 64, 128 sites (Gen2 adds 128-channel option)
• Site Area: 177 µm² (standard across all Vector models)
• Site Coverage: 375 µm – 6,300 µm (design dependent)
• Impedance: 0.5–3.0 MΩ @ 1 kHz (typical range, site material dependent)
• Electrode Site Material: Iridium (standard), SIROF (Sputtered Iridium Oxide Film) available
• Conductor: Gold traces with silicon dioxide/nitride insulation

Physical Properties

• Weight: <2 grams (including connector, varies by length and channel count)
• Sterilization: EtO compatible; autoclave not recommended (risks metal/silicon junction)
• Reusability: 50+ acute insertions with proper cleaning protocols
• Rigidity: Hybrid construction balances insertion rigidity with electrode resolution

Recording Capabilities

Signal Types

• Single-Unit Activity (SUA): High-resolution single-neuron discrimination across channel array
• Multi-Unit Activity (MUA): Population dynamics and firing rate estimates
• Local Field Potentials (LFP): Oscillations, evoked potentials, network synchrony
• Stimulation: Biphasic current delivery for optogenetics, electrical stimulation, or microstimulation mapping

Bandwidth

• Low Frequency: DC – 500 Hz (LFP, evoked potentials, behavioral correlates)
• High Frequency: 300 Hz – 10 kHz (spikes, MUA)
• Sampling Rates: Typically 20–40 kHz (system dependent)

Gen2 Recording Performance Enhancements

• Fusion Double-Sided: 2× site density for enhanced spatial sampling without increased tissue displacement
• 128-Channel Capability: Maximum data yield per insertion; enables simultaneous multi-structure recordings
• Reinforced Durability: Reduced probe breakage extends unit tracking across sessions

Typical Applications

Deep Brain Structures

• Basal Ganglia: Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra recordings (motor control, Parkinson's disease models)
• Thalamus: Sensory processing, arousal, sleep-wake transitions
• Brainstem: Respiratory control, autonomic function, cranial nerve nuclei
• Deep Cortical Layers: Layer 5/6 recordings in thick cortices (primate)
• Hippocampus: Deep CA1/CA3/DG recordings in large animals

Species Compatibility

• Non-Human Primates: Primary application (NHP cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus)
• Large Rodents: Rats (deep structures, chronic implants)
• Other Mammals: Cats, ferrets, guinea pigs (any deep brain target)
• Surgical Advantage: Rigid support body enables precise stereotaxic targeting at depth

Experimental Paradigms

• Motor Systems Research: Reaching, grasping, locomotion (M1, basal ganglia, cerebellum)
• Cognitive Neuroscience: Decision-making, working memory, attention (PFC, thalamus)
• Sensory Processing: Deep sensory nuclei, thalamocortical loops
• Optogenetics: Combined optical stimulation + electrical recording (Opto Vector variant)
• Disease Models: Parkinson's, dystonia, epilepsy, addiction (basal ganglia, thalamus)

Product Variants

Standard Vector Array™

• Use Case: Acute deep brain recording and stimulation
• Total Length: 70 mm or 110 mm
• Channel Counts: 16, 32, 64, 128
• Package Codes: V16, V32, V64, FV128 (Fusion 128-channel)
• Best For: Multi-session acute experiments, flexible experimental design

Chronic Vector Array™

• Use Case: Chronic implantation in deep brain structures (>10 mm implantation depth)
• Implantable Length: 30–55 mm (configurable; total probe length includes external hardware)
• Channel Counts: 16, 32, 64
• Package Codes: VC16, VC32, VC64, VZC16, VZC32 (Z-style chronic)
• Important: Account for implant hardware (clamps, holders) when configuring probe length
• Best For: Longitudinal behavioral studies, chronic implant stability

Opto Vector Array™

• Use Case: Combined optogenetic stimulation + electrophysiology
• Feature: Integrated optical fiber mount (no separate assembly required)
• Channel Counts: 16, 32
• Package Codes: OV16, OV32
• Fiber Options:
  • 50 µm ID / 62.5 µm OD (0.22 NA, 0.66 NA)
  • 105 µm ID / 125 µm OD (0.22 NA, 0.66 NA)
  • 200 µm ID (multiple OD/NA options)
  • 400 µm ID / 425 µm OD (0.39 NA)
• Best For: Circuit manipulation experiments, optogenetics validation studies

Z-Style Vector (VZ, VZC)

• Feature: Alternative shank geometry for specific anatomical targets
• Available: Acute (VZ16, VZ32) and Chronic (VZC16, VZC32)
• Consult: NeuroNexus for Z-style vs. standard selection guidance

Gen2 Breakthrough Features

1. Reinforced Design

• Silicon Thickness: 150–200 µm (vs. 50 µm Gen1 standard)
• Benefit: Extra protection against breakage during insertion, handling, and repeated use
• Use Case: Extended chronic studies, challenging dura penetrations, probe reuse
• Longevity: Extends probe lifespan, reduces experimental failures due to mechanical damage

2. Fusion Double-Sided Recording

• Technology: Recording sites on both sides of silicon substrate (Fusion-style design)
• Site Density: 2× sites in nearly identical footprint vs. single-sided
• Substrate: 100 µm Fusion silicon substrate
• Benefit: Enhanced spatial coverage and data richness without increasing tissue displacement
• Application: Laminar recordings, high-resolution layer mapping, dense population sampling
• Gen2 Exclusive: Not available in Gen1

3. Expanded Channel Count (128 Channels)

• Model: FV128 (Fusion Vector 128-channel)
• Configuration: Fusion double-sided substrate enables 128 sites
• Benefit: Maximum data yield per insertion; simultaneous multi-structure or dense single-structure recordings
• Geometry: Maintains precise NeuroNexus electrode layouts and contact density
• Compatibility: Standard recording systems (Intan RHD2164, Plexon OmniPlex, etc.)

Technology Details

Hybrid Silicon-Metal Construction

1. Silicon Electrode Array: High-resolution recording sites (177 µm² area, iridium)
2. Stainless-Steel Support Body: Rigid cylindrical shaft (315–635 µm OD)
3. Integration: Silicon electrode bonded to metal support for mechanical strength + electrode precision
4. Balance: Rigidity for deep insertion without sacrificing site resolution or tissue damage

Fabrication Process

1. Silicon Microfabrication: Standard NeuroNexus photolithography, metallization, and insulation
2. Metal Support Body: Precision stainless-steel shafts (medical-grade)
3. Hybrid Assembly: Silicon array attached to metal support with biocompatible adhesive
4. Wire Bonding: Gold wire bonds to connector or flex cable
5. Encapsulation: Protective coating over wire bonds and junction

Layout Options

• Laminar: Single-column vertical site arrangement for layer-specific recordings
• Polytrode: Multiple sites per depth (Poly2, Poly3) for single-unit discrimination
• Edge: Sites along shank edge for minimal tissue displacement
• Custom: Tailored geometries for specific anatomical targets (300+ custom designs produced)

Durability and Reusability

Probe Longevity

• Expected Lifetime: 50+ acute insertions with proper care
• Reinforced Option: 150–200 µm thickness for maximum durability in challenging applications
• Cleaning Protocol: Tergazyme enzymatic cleaner, distilled water rinse, 70% ethanol sterilization
• Inspection: Daily impedance checks, optical inspection for shaft/site damage

Best Practices for Extended Use

• Cleaning: Immediate post-experiment cleaning prevents protein buildup
• Storage: Dry storage in protective case; avoid humidity
• Handling: Use probe holders; never touch silicon electrode or metal shaft
• Impedance Monitoring: Track impedance trends to detect site degradation

Comparison with Other Families

Vector vs. A-Series

• Vector: Deep brain applications (110 mm reach, hybrid construction, 16–128 channels)
• A-Series: Cortical/surface recordings (15 µm substrate, economical, 4–64 channels)
• Choose Vector: Deep targets, large animals, high channel counts, maximum durability
• Choose A-Series: Cortical work, cost-sensitive studies, standard acute recordings

Vector vs. Q-Trode Series

• Vector: High-density linear layouts, deep brain access
• Q-Trode: Tetrode configurations for spike sorting (optimized for place cells, unit isolation)
• Choose Vector: Broad spatial sampling, deep structures, high channel counts
• Choose Q-Trode: Single-unit isolation priority, hippocampal place cells

Vector Gen2 vs. Gen1

• Gen2: 128-ch option, Fusion double-sided, reinforced design (150–200 µm)
• Gen1: Max 64 channels, single-sided only, 50 µm standard thickness
• Choose Gen2: Need 128 channels, dense spatial sampling, or enhanced durability
• Choose Gen1: Standard channel counts (16–64) sufficient, established protocols

Vector vs. Competing Deep-Brain Probes

• Vector Advantages:
  • Smaller support body diameter (315–635 µm vs. 460–640 µm competitors)
  • Silicon electrode precision (177 µm² sites vs. tungsten/Pt-Ir wire)
  • Reusability (50+ uses vs. 10–30 typical)
  • Fusion double-sided option (no competitor equivalent)
  • Layout flexibility (laminar, polytrode, custom)
• Application: Vector outperforms in chronic studies, reusability, and high-channel-count applications

Surgical Considerations

Stereotaxic Insertion Protocol

• Targeting: Precision stereotaxic coordinates (atlas-based)
• Dura Management: Sharp dura incision or dura removal (avoid bending probe tip)
• Insertion Speed: 2–10 µm/s for deep targets (minimize tissue displacement)
• Angle: Vertical insertion preferred; oblique angles possible with support
• Final Positioning: Allow 15–30 minutes tissue settling before cementing (chronic) or recording (acute)

Chronic Implantation Best Practices

1. Skull Preparation: Large stable craniotomy with smooth edges
2. Probe Positioning: Ultra-slow advancement with stereotaxic precision
3. Stabilization: Multi-layer dental acrylic (avoid excessive heat/pressure on probe)
4. Ground/Reference: Robust ground wire or skull screw (verify continuity)
5. Recovery: 5–7 days before behavioral recording sessions

Acute Recording Setup

• Insertion: Controlled depth advancement via micromanipulator
• Signal Stabilization: 15–30 minute settling period for optimal SNR
• Impedance Check: Pre- and post-insertion impedance mapping
• Multiple Depths: Vector rigidity enables stable recordings at multiple advancement depths

Compatible Accessories

Recording Packages

• ZIF-Clip Connectors: Zero-insertion-force (recommended for chronic; reduces connector wear)
• Omnetics Connectors: High-density Omnetics for compact headstage integration
• Raw Probes: Bare probe with wire bonds (flexible for custom holder integration)

Chambers and Drives

• Recording Chambers: Custom and standard chambers for Vector positioning (stereotaxic compatible)
• Microdrives: NaN, Narishige, and custom drives verified for Vector compatibility
• pDrive™ Chronic Primate Microdrive: Featured system for chronic NHP Vector Arrays (enables post-implant depth adjustment)

Integration Hardware

• Headstages: Intan, Open Ephys, Plexon, TDT (standard compatibility)
• Recording Systems: All major systems (SmartBox, Plexon OmniPlex, TDT RZ, Ripple Grapevine)
• Stereotaxic Adapters: Custom holders available for Kopf, Stoelting, ASI stereotaxic frames

Resources

Documentation

• Vector Series Product Guide (PDF) - Complete specifications, Gen2 comparison
• Deep Brain Insertion Protocol (PDF) - Step-by-step surgical procedures
• Probe Cleaning and Maintenance - Protocols for probe longevity
• Gen2 Application Notes - 128-channel, Fusion, and reinforced design guidance

Application Notes

• AN-VEC-001: Vector Array Deep Brain Insertion in NHP
• AN-VEC-002: Chronic Vector Implantation for Behavioral Studies
• AN-VEC-003: Fusion Double-Sided Recording Optimization
• AN-VEC-004: 128-Channel Vector Data Acquisition Best Practices
• AN-VEC-005: Opto Vector Array Fiber Integration

Publications (Selected)

200+ publications featuring Vector Arrays (median impact factor 8.5):

• Nature Neuroscience: Multi-site basal ganglia recordings in motor control studies
• Neuron: Thalamic oscillations and cortical state transitions
• Science: Deep brain stimulation mechanisms via Vector Array mapping
• Nature: Primate decision-making circuits (prefrontal-basal ganglia)
• eLife: Chronic primate recordings spanning 6+ months with Vector Arrays

Support

• Technical Support: [email protected]
• Custom Probe Consultation: [email protected]
• Sales Inquiries: [email protected] | +1.734.913.8858
• Address: 640 Avis Drive, Suite 200, Ann Arbor, MI 48108
• Website: neuronexus.com

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Last Updated: March 1, 2026 (Gen2)
Part of the NeuroNexus Product Family Documentation